Diabetes and the african-american population Essay

Diabetes and the african-american populace - Essay Example In addition, diabetes is additionally connected with the advancement of nephropathy with possible renal disappointment, autonomic brokenness, and foot ulcers. Thirst, polyuria, obscuring of vision, and weight reduction are the trademark clinical introduction of diabetes. Diabetes can prompt ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar non-ketotic extreme lethargies. People with diabetes are frequently asymptomatic and a few patients experience mellow manifestations. For a long time, there has been an attention to various kinds of diabetes with fluctuating seriousness. Toward the start of the twentieth century, the likelihood that there are two particular kinds of diabetes developed. The two sorts of diabetes are Type 1 diabetes (beta-cell pulverization), which is an idiopathic and immune system infection, and Type 2 diabetes, which is portrayed by insulin obstruction and insulin hyposecretion (Holt, 2010). Type 1 diabetes happens because of beta-cell decimation and mellow insulin obstruction. Insulin is required for endurance after the patient endures the underlying phases of the malady. Type 2 diabetes is portrayed by insulin opposition with relative insulin insufficiency. Type 2 diabetes is the predominant type of the illness around the globe (T. Metcalf and G. Metcalf, 2008). Diabetes is especially very predominant in the United States of America. As indicated by the 2000 US Census, there are 37.4 million African American people in America which establish roughly 12.3% of the all out populace. In African American kids, the paces of Type 1 diabetes are lower contrasted with American youngsters. The African American populace has a rate pace of 5 to 8 for every 100,000 for every annum. Then again, the occurrence pace of diabetes in white populace is 14 to 17 for every 100,000 every year. (Joslin and Kahn, 2006).The various extents of racial admixture, especially with the white populaces, may be the purpose behind the particular frequency rates among the dark populace. A huge job is played by hereditary

Quantum Physics

Nonetheless, it must be noticed that the European Debt Crisis is as yet going on in the greater part of the European nations, and accordingly, It may be increasingly ideal for Ping A to concentrate on the Salsa-Pacific market where a large portion of the business sectors are as yet rising and above all, hose markets have low relationship with the effect of worldwide economy emergency because of lesser exchanging exercises with those nations influenced by the crisis.In request to infiltrate effectively Into developing business sector and less created nations, for example, India, Vietnam and Africa, one needs to comprehend a few variables identifying with the objective markets, for example, neighborhood social and standard practices, size and extent of potential chances, see needs and needs of customers and see how the administrations are utilized In the market and by whom. Also, the technique Ping A pick o seek after outside market openings typically relies upon various elements inclu ding cost of elective methodologies, the measure of inborn dangers included, government guidelines and nearby market conditions.While resource the board had been delayed to take off in most created nations, protection segments are developing quickly In rising economies. Bolstered by positive macroeconomic elements including populace development and rising salary levels, for example, the instance of India where the Indian protection industry rose as one of the quickest creating markets of he worldwide protection industry (Money Control 2011). A portion of the market section techniques that Ping A could utilize Include setting up entirely possessed auxiliaries In these developing market.This Is when 100% of the inadequate regular stock Is claimed by Ping An. With such system, Ping A could acquaint its protection items with local people as indicated by their necessities and needs. Additionally, so as to rival the remainder of the insurance agencies in India, Ping A would need to partic ipate in item Innovation in order to all the more likely match the hazard profile of strategy holders and making lagers and advertising progressively capable and responsible (Parker 2012). Ping A could likewise take part in less dangerous methodology, for example, cooperating with the neighborhood insurance agencies or Joint ventures.A Joint endeavor Is a vital union where at least 2 gatherings, normally organizations, structure an association to share markets, Intellectual property, resources, information and benefits. Such technique is regarded to be less unsafe since the nearby organization may give Ping An entrance to more prominent assets including, specific staff and innovation. In addition, neighborhood organizations would have more prominent comprehension of the nearby's needs and needs, permitting Ping A to redo protection items that suits the requirements of arrangement holders.However, it must be noticed that the fundamental impediment of such technique is that in most jo int endeavors, goals are typically not 100% clear and spoken with everybody included, therefore this could prompt undesirable contest between parties (Allen 2011). To wrap things up, Ping A could likewise participate In outside direct Investment by buying the portions of another insurance agency in the developing business sector. For instance, India as of late has 1 OFF organizations (Chuddar and Kola 2014). Such opening of the area could be consider as an open door for Ping A to infiltrate into the enormous IIS$ 66. Billion Indian market (FIEF 2014). Nonetheless, unbending due tirelessness must be done about the neighborhood insurance agencies earlier contributing to forestall any incidents or lackluster showing of the organization. Taking everything into account, Ping A could consider taking part in these market passage procedures that have been set before yet there is a need to weigh both the preferences and disservices of executing these diverse system in order to guarantee an e ffective worldwide development of Ping A protection business.

Is Panic Disorder Caused by a Chemical Imbalance

Is Panic Disorder Caused by a Chemical Imbalance Panic Disorder Print Is Panic Disorder Caused by a Chemical Imbalance? By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 01, 2019 BSIP/UIG/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Related Conditions You may have heard that mental health conditions are caused by chemical imbalances in the brain, but what exactly does that mean? Research has shown that imbalanced brain chemicals can contribute to mood and anxiety disorders, but the exact cause of panic disorder remains unknown. The following describes the chemical imbalance theory and other potential factors that may influence the development of panic disorder. The “Chemical Imbalance” Theory for Panic Disorder According to biological theories, panic disorder symptoms can be attributed to chemical imbalances in the brain. Naturally occurring chemical messengers, known as neurotransmitters, send information throughout the brain. The human brain is thought to have hundreds of these different types of neurotransmitters, and biological theories suggest that a person can become more susceptible to developing panic disorder symptoms if one or more of these neurotransmitters do not remain balanced. The neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are specifically believed to be linked to mood and anxiety disorders. These neurotransmitters are in charge of regulating various body functions and emotions. First, serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is largely associated with mood, sleep, appetite, and other regulatory functions in the body. Experts have also found that reduced levels of serotonin are connected to depression and anxiety. The neurotransmitter dopamine may also contribute to symptoms. Dopamine influences, among other functions, a person’s energy levels, attention, rewards, and movement, which may lead to anxiety symptoms if imbalanced. Norepinephrine is also related to anxiety as it involves the fight-or-flight response, or how a person reacts to stress. Last, GABA plays a role in balancing excitement or agitation and feelings of calm and relaxation. What Is the Chemistry Behind Depression? Other Theories Separate yet common theories about the causes of panic disorder look at the possibility of genetic or environmental influences. Genetic theories are based on the solid evidence of the familial link of panic disorder. Studies have determined that people with panic disorder are up to eight times more likely to have a first-degree relative who also suffers from this condition. Other theories look at environmental factors, such as one’s upbringing or current life stressors, as key influencers in the development of panic disorder. For instance, problems in childhood, such as being raised by overprotective and anxious parents, attachment issues, and experiences of abuse or neglect, may impact a person later in life. Experiencing difficult life stressors and transitions, including grief and loss or other major life changes, can also affect a person’s wellbeing and vulnerability to developing a mental health condition. Research Suggests Biological Cause of Panic Disorder A Combination of Influences Currently, most professionals who treat panic disorder rely on a multidimensional theory to understand the causes of panic and anxiety symptoms. This theory is based on the notion that a combination of factors leads to the development of panic disorder, meaning that a chemical imbalance may be partly to blame. Other influences, such as genetics and environmental factors, also likely play a role in a person’s experience with panic disorder. The Top Treatment Options for Panic Disorder If you are considering treatment options, your doctor or therapist may follow a treatment approach that addresses multidimensional factors. Early detection and diagnosis will be important in getting you on the right treatment plan for your particular needs. The most common treatment options for panic disorder include medication, psychotherapy, and self-help strategies. Medications, such as antidepressants and benzodiazepines, may be prescribed to bring equilibrium back to your neurotransmitters. Psychotherapy may help with dealing with past hurts, getting through life challenges, and overcoming negative thoughts and behaviors. Self-help techniques can promote relaxation, stress management, and getting through anxiety on a day-by-day basis. Your doctor or therapist will most likely recommend a combination of these treatment options to assist in managing your condition. Although the exact cause of panic disorder is still unknown, treatment is available that can help in managing all of the possible influences causing your panic disorder symptoms. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Giant Inguinoscrotal Herni A Case Report - 755 Words

Giant InguinoScrotal Hernia: A case report Abstract: Giant Inguino scrotal hernia, though an uncommon entity presents with operative dilemma as there are no standard surgical procedure. Here we present a case of giant inguinoscrotal hernia which was partly reducible. Patient underwent mesh repair after reduction of content through inguinal and lower midline laprotomy with scotal reconstruction. Key words: Giant inguino-scrotal hernia, mesh repair. Introduction: Giant inginoscrotal hernia are defined as, extending beyond the midpoint of thigh in standing position. Such cases are due to neglect of symptoms by the patient till it affects the quality of life or present with complications. Operative intervention in such cases is assosciated with high motality and post operative complications. We present a case of giant inguinoscrotal hernia, partially reducible with no co morbidities. Case Report: A 49yrs Auto rickshaw driver presented to us with the complains of swelling in right groin since 20yrs which was initially reducible and since last 5yrs its not reducible. Patient had difficulty in walking and performing his daily activities. Patient is a smoker since 30yrs. On examination: Right sided Ingunioscrotal swelling extending upto lower 1/3 of thigh in standing position, non reducible, cough impulse present, right side testis was atropic with elongated spermatic cord. Preoperatively patient was advised to quit smoking and incentive spirometry exercises for 2weeks.

Degree Programs for the Paralegal 2019

A paralegal is another name for a legal assistant. The National Association of Legal Assistants recorded more than six hundred education and training programs in the United States. There is a variety of courses available in a number of colleges and universities. Paralegal studies can be completed at community colleges, four-year colleges or by using online institutions. Programs can take as little as six months to more than five years if you are pursuing a masters degree. A Certified Legal Assistant (CLA) is normally the goal of a many of these training programs. Such educational programs would qualify students for an entry level positions in a law facility such as a file clerk or legal secretary. There are associates, bachelors and masters degrees available under paralegal studies. Many more colleges, universities, and online institutions offer paralegal bachelors and associates degrees than masters degree programs. A masters degree in paralegal studies is a little more difficult to come by. .uf70421ce70cdeb07b18d7dccc2857dc3 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uf70421ce70cdeb07b18d7dccc2857dc3:active, .uf70421ce70cdeb07b18d7dccc2857dc3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uf70421ce70cdeb07b18d7dccc2857dc3 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uf70421ce70cdeb07b18d7dccc2857dc3 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uf70421ce70cdeb07b18d7dccc2857dc3 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uf70421ce70cdeb07b18d7dccc2857dc3:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ How to Maximize your InternshipA two year degree, an associates program, in paralegal studies would probably include courses such as family law, torts, legal writing, case law research, civil rights and other legal subjects. Even though the program is only two years long, it can equip a student with a basic understanding of the business of law. There is a more in depth experience provided in a bachelors degree program in paralegal studies. More liberal arts an more legal topics will be covered. The courses in a bachelors degree program in paralegal studies covers basic civil law in greater depth than that of an associates degree, and it allows for more elective classes. Paralegals have held positions in law offices since the nineteen sixties. There are a number of responsibilities that a paralegal may be required to handle, and these might be just as many as an attorney would have to handle. The educational requirements for paralegals have grown along with the demands and complexity of the position. Many law firms will no longer accept only associates degrees, and only hire those with a bachelors degree or higher. .ucadd8fac483b81fd016894ad7da1cec2 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .ucadd8fac483b81fd016894ad7da1cec2:active, .ucadd8fac483b81fd016894ad7da1cec2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .ucadd8fac483b81fd016894ad7da1cec2 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .ucadd8fac483b81fd016894ad7da1cec2 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .ucadd8fac483b81fd016894ad7da1cec2 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .ucadd8fac483b81fd016894ad7da1cec2:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Career Opportunities With a Criminal Justice DegreeIt is important to remember that with many online degree programs, bachelors degrees can be obtained in less than three years, and an associates degree might be obtained in less than two years. If you are interested in pursuing an education in the paralegal field, consult some of the law firms in your area about what their requirements are. Related ArticlesEarning a Bachelors Degree in Paralegal StudiesParalegal Degree Options OnlineA Paralegal Studies Degree OnlineGetting an Associates Degree in Paralegal StudiesEmployment Opportunities With an Associates Degree in Criminal JusticeGetting a Paralegal Degree Online

The Case of the Omniscient Organization Free Essays

Case Analysis: The Case of the Omniscient Organization Introduction In this case study, Dominion-Swann (DS) has implemented a â€Å"radical restructuring of the work environment† in order to regain control of its employees. By 1990, DS had been suffering from a number of business woes. It was not keeping pace with its competition, employee turnover had increased substantially, health costs and work-related accidents were rising, and employee theft was at an all-time high. We will write a custom essay sample on The Case of the Omniscient Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead of identifying and addressing the underlying business and management problems, DS decided to treat the symptoms by turning to SciexPlan Inc. o help radically restructure the work environment through the use of employee monitoring technology. Background DS has justified its work environment restructuring based on past failures rather than future goals for success. The company has created a system to compile a comprehensive database of information on every employee. DS also monitors its employees in all aspects of their job, subjecting them to constant evaluation and productivity tests. The massive amount of information collected on each employee is supposed to allow DS to objectively manage personnel and make job assignments that provide the greatest efficiency. Instead, DS has created an impersonal monitoring, surveillance, and detection system designed to lay traps for employees and shape their behavior without any managerial effort. Problem Statement Has DS become so consumed with its â€Å"radical restructuring of the work environment† that it has prioritized technology and control over the welfare, creativity, and productivity of its people? Analysis and Issues Digital technology has made an undeniably profound impact, both positive and negative, on the workplace. When implemented properly, the benefits of this impact can include increased productivity, improved safety, better working onditions, and enhanced communications between employees, management, and customers. However, an exceedingly obsessive employee monitoring system will create tedious and stressful working conditions, loss of employee privacy, and fear which will result in reduced levels of creativity and productivity. By implementing an overly zealous system for emp loyee monitoring, DS is significantly aggravating the tension that exists between surveillance technology and employee privacy concerns. DS wants to monitor employees in order to reward effort, knowledge, productivity, and success while eliminating idleness, ignorance, theft, and failure. Instead, it is treating its workers like pieces of equipment rather than unique and valuable individuals. DS has basically transformed the workplace into an all-encompassing electronic prison where nearly every aspect of an employee’s behavior is monitored. The DS managers who monitor every move that employees make are accomplishing efficiency objectives at a sizeable cost. Monitoring and surveillance can create a high stress environment for employees that can lead to physiological and psychological stress-related illnesses. Covert surveillance at DS will do nothing but increase fears, anxieties, and distrust among employees. The impersonal aspect of technological surveillance diminishes employees’ concepts of their value, contribution, and self-worth. The all-encompassing surveillance implemented by DS will destroy any hope for employees to make decisions and act autonomously. Autonomy is a critical component to on-the-job independence that maximizes worker morale. Although DS has justification for some amount of employee monitoring in order to successfully evaluate employee performance, it has taken employee surveillance to the point where it will adversely affect productivity. When employees do not feel that they are trusted, their desire to perform well is lessened. The employee screening process DS has implemented brings up additional privacy concerns. Any investigation of employee activities and history outside of the workplace is an extremely sensitive and potentially litigious issue. DS is only justified in intruding into its employees’ personal lives when it involves misconduct or illegal activity. Off-duty conduct may be relevant to employment if the misconduct negatively impacts the employee’s work performance or the company’s mission. However, the systematic monitoring employed by DS raises serious privacy concerns. Monitoring all employees’ activities, rather than just the activities of employees under suspicion of specific misconduct, constitutes a blanket search that brings enormous privacy concerns. Recommendations DS would be better off with no employee monitoring rather than scrutinizing its employees’ every move. Once the employee monitoring creates a morale problem, all of the value it has created will be diminished. If DS is to continue with employee monitoring systems, it must create and clearly communicate a monitoring policy for employees. DS needs to start with human-oriented policies, then use technology to enforce them. As it stands right now, DS is exerting too much power in its invasion of employee privacy in the workplace. DS is exploiting the lack of regulation in this area in order to implement extremely invasive methods of employee surveillance. Until employees are protected by regulation to protect their rights to privacy in the workplace, DS should assume responsibility to self regulate by limiting the amount of surveillance, implementing it only when it achieves specific goals for success. Monitoring should be conducted only for business purposes, and this must be communicated to the employees. In order to throttle back its employee monitoring system to a reasonable level, DS should review and apply the suggested rights given by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). To establish a reasonable approach and prevent abuses, DS should adopt a human-oriented policy that includes the following features:   * notice to employees of the company’s electronic monitoring practices;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   * use of a signal to let an employee know when he or she is being monitored;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   * employee access to all personal electronic data collected through monitoring;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   * no monitoring of areas designed for the health or comfort of employees;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   * the right to dispute and delete inaccurate data; a ban on the collection of data unrelated to work performance; * restrictions on the disclosure of personal data to others without the employee’s consent (American Civil Liberties Union, 1997). DS should also consider whether or not monitoring is truly necessary for performance evaluations. DS does not need to watch an employee’s every move to be able to judge the quality of his or her work. Performance monitoring should be far less of a concern than an employee’s ability to complete tasks and consistently meet deadlines. DS should involve its employees on the decisions regarding when, how and why electronic monitoring needs to takes place. Most importantly of all, DS must allow employees to inspect, challenge, and, when necessary, correct the data gathered about them or their performance. Conclusion/Summary DS must strike a balance between its business interests and its employees’ privacy interests. This balance should allow for surveillance under certain limited conditions, and utilize less intrusive approaches. Although it is unlikely that DS would completely discontinue its monitoring practice, at a minimum DS should continue to fully inform its employees about all surveillance tools being used in their workplace and provided them with clear information as to what management does with the data. References Pedeliski, Theodore B. (1997). Privacy and the workplace: Technology and public employment. Public Personnel Management. December 22, 1997. Shoppes, Mia. (2003). Employee monitoring: Is big brother a bad idea. Information Security Magazine. Dec. 9, 2003. American Civil Liberties Union. (1997). Privacy in America: Electronic monitoring. Retrieved from http://www. aclu. org/technology-and-liberty/privacy-america-electronic-monitoring How to cite The Case of the Omniscient Organization, Papers

The Coca-Cola Company Versus Bisleri International Pvt. Ltd. ; Ors. Essay Example

The Coca-Cola Company Versus Bisleri International Pvt. Ltd. ; Ors. Essay The present suit has been filed by the Plaintiff for Permanent Injunction, infringement of Trademarks, Copyright and passing off and damages etc. against the Defendants. 2. When the suit was instituted, Plaintiff no. 1 was Fritolay India which now stands merged with Plaintiff no. 2 Company. During the pendency of the present suit, the mark LAY’S along with the Sun Banner Device as also the Sun Banner Device per se have become registered trade marks.In order to incorporate and bring on record these subsequent facts, the plaintiffs had moved an application under Order 6 Rule 17 CPC being I. A. No. 2994 of 2005 and the same was allowed vide order dated 05. 05. 2005. The case of the Plaintiff is that the Plaintiff no. 1 Company is a Corporation existing under the laws of the United States of America. 3. Pepsico India Holdings (P) Limited is duly authorised to take all actions to protect the various intellectual property rights of the Plaintiff no. Company and its subsidiaries 4. T he Plaintiff Company together with its subsidiaries, affiliates, associate companies is the largest seller of salted snack foods in the world. The salted snack foods of the Plaintiffs range from potato chips, corn chips, crunchy cheese balls and various Mexican snacks to bhujia and namkeens like Aloo Bhujia and Navratan Mix. These salted snacks of the Plaintiff Company are introduced in India under various trade marks, inter alia, Lay’s Cheetos, Ruffles, Lehar etc. since 1990. 5.The present case specifically relates to the Lay’s mark and packaging which has been used and adopted by the Plaintiffs inIndia. 6. The Defendants have adopted a deceptively similar mark â€Å"Leo† written in identical writing style as also the packaging, colour combination, layout, get – up and all the distinctive elements of the Plaintiff’s packaging. 7. It is contended that the Defendant no. 1 was at the time of institution of the suit, manufacturing the impugned product s till July, 2003 but thereafter the products are being manufactured and sold by Defendant no. 2, Sambhav Foods. . It is averred in the plaint that the â€Å"Lay’s† mark logo and the â€Å"Sun Banner Device† trade marks are registered trade marks inIndia. The details of the registrations are as under: Registration No. Mark Class 453831 B LAYS word mark 29453832 B LAY’S word mark 30 838858 Lay’s + Sun Banner Device 29 838860 Sun Banner Device 29 . It is stated in the Plaint that the Lay’s mark and the Sun Banner Device have also been registered in the Plaintiff’s name in several countries of the world. These include African Union (O. A. P. I. ). Australia, Benelux, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominican Republic, Egypt, European (O. H. M. I. ), France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Mexico, New Zealand, Philippines, Poland, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdo m, United States of America, Venezuela etc. 10.It is mentioned in the Plaint that the Lay’s mark and the artistic manner of writing the same is an original artistic work under the Copyright Act, 1957. The Sun Banner Device is also an original artistic work belonging to the Plaintiff Company. The same have been created for and on behalf of the Plaintiff Company and are globally used. These works are entitled to protection under the Copyright Act, 1957 as artistic works. 11. The Lay’s Potato chips is one of the most well known products of the Plaintiffs in India and manufacture potato chips of various flavours.The Plaintiff’s started manufacturing potato chips in the year 1989. The Plaintiffs use state-of-the-art machines/equipment for the manufacture of its potato chips. In the manufacturing process, the Plaintiffs employ vigorous quality control standards. The Plaintiffs possess enormous amount of goodwill in its products and are market leaders. 12. It is furthe r stated that the current packaging of the Lay’s potato chips was introduced in the year 2002. The front side of the packaging consists of a white oval picture with a blue border.In the centre of the oval is the distinctive „Sun Banner Device.. In the centre of the sun banner device, the word Lay’s is written in white script in blue outline. The Plaintiffs have also prepared and published a Manual which prescribed the rules, conditions and parameters for the use of the Lay’s Sun Banner Device trade mark on packaging. The Plaintiffs have spent huge sums of money on popularizing and marketing its Ruffles Lay’s/Lay’s pack through sales promotions, advertisements through the print as well as electronic media. 3. The Plaintiffs. products are also very popular among children, as it has extensively advertised its products in various children’s publications including Motu Patlu and Dreaded Robber, Taiji and Tree of Sapodilla, Raman and Tea, Dy namite Series Mafia, 077 James Bond – 78, Mandrake – 76, Phantom – 89, Little Wonders Big Fun, Pran’s comics etc. The Lay’s potato chips of the Plaintiffs are extremely popular worldwide. This is evident form the sales figures of approximately 140 crores in 2002 in Indiaalone for the said product. 14.Due to an ever – increasing popularity of the potato chips of the Plaintiffs, the Defendants who are manufacturing potato chips have, in an illegal manner with fraudulent intentions copied the Plaintiff’s packaging for potato chips. The Defendants have copied all the essential elements of the Plaintiff’s get up, trade dress and packaging. 15. The potato chips of the Defendants are marketed and sold under the trade mark â€Å"Leo† and a mere look at the conflicting packaging as well as the two labels/marks. â€Å"Lay’s† and â€Å"Leo† clearly shows that the acts of the Defendants are deliberate, conscious and fraudulent. 6. The similarities between the Plaintiffs. and Defendants. packaging are mentioned in the plaint, the details of which are as under:- TABLE OF SIMILARITIES Sl. No. Plaintiff’s PackagingDefendant’s Packaging 1. The entire packet is red in colourThe entire packet is red in colour 2. Underneath the small red portion is a white oval (egg-shaped) area with blue border. Underneath the small red portion is a white oval (egg-shaped) area with blue border. 3. The whitish area has the trade name/mark Frito-Lay of the Plaintiff in white script on a red background on the top.The whitish area has trade name/mark ‘Sambhav’ of the Defendant in a white script on a red background on the top 4. Within this white area, the word â€Å"Lay’s written in thick white lettering with the shadow effect, appears with in a circle which is yellow in colur towards the top and bottom and has a major red portion in the centre. This is known as the â€Å"Banner S un† Design. Within this white area, the word â€Å"Leo† written in thick white lettering with the shadow effect, appears within a circle which is yellow in colur towards the top and bottom and has a major red portion in the centre.Therefore, the essential colour of red, white, and yellow have been maintained in a similar form as in the Banner-sun design. 5. The word Lay’s is written with the letter â€Å"L† sliding below the next letter. The word Leo is written with the letter â€Å"L† sliding below the next letter. 6. Below this is a horizontal elongated banner with blue outline and the words â€Å"Spanish Tomato Tango† in white scriptBelow this is a horizontal elongated banner with blue outline and the words â€Å"Tangy Tomato† in white script. 7. Below this is a picture of ridged/crinkled chips in yellow colour on a bright red background.Below this is a picture of ridged/crinkled chips on a bright red background. 8. On the bottom ri ght side of the packaging appear the words „Potato Chips. in black script On the bottom right side of the packaging appear the words â€Å"potato Chips† in black script. 9. The back side of the packaging is predominantly of red and white colour with the sun banner device on top right sideThe back side of the packaging is predominantly of red and white colour with a device similar to the sun banner device on top of right side 10.The sign of a person throwing the litter in a garbage can appears at the bottom The sign of a person throwing the litter in a garbage can appears at the bottom. 17. On 11. 09. 2003 this Court while granting ex parte ad-interim orders also appointed a Local Commissioner Mr. Raghu Tandon, who visited the premises of the Defendants on 19. 09. 2003 at Nasik and on 20. 09. 2003 at Mumbai. 18. The Report of the Local Commissioner revealed that the Defendants were in fact earlier using a different packaging under the name â€Å"Leo chips† written in a completely different font having a different get up colour combination.However the Defendants also had a new packaging which is the impugned packaging was identical/similar to the Plaintiffs. packaging. As per the Report of the Local Commissioner, the alternative packaging of the Defendants is evidence of the fact that the adoption of the new impugned packaging by the Defendants was deliberate, dishonest and malafide. The intention was to merely capitalize on the goodwill and reputation of the Plaintiff’s mark and packaging. 19. It is further stated that the Plaintiffs have constantly changed their packaging in order to retain the uniqueness and exclusivity.Irrespective of the fact that the Plaintiffs have changed their packaging from time to time, some logos, prints (including the writing style of the letter â€Å"L† sun banner design, the display of chips under the sun banner design etc. ) have been adopted in all of their packaging styles. The Defendants hav e copied all these basic features of the Plaintiff’s packaging to pass off their goods as that of the Plaintiff’s. 20. The Plaintiffs aver that the customers and public identify the said distinctive packaging with the Plaintiff’s alone.Owing to the nature of the goods, nature of purchase, class of customers, the adoption of a similar label and/or packaging with an identical/similar get up, colour scheme, devices etc. , is bound to create confusion and deception in the market. The consumers of these products are also children which enhances the chances of confusion. Therefore, the adoption of a similar packaging by the Defendants for the manufacture and sale of their chips but not containing the same quality of chips is leading to severe tarnishment of the goodwill and image of the Plaintiff Company. 21.The defendants in this matter are ex parte. The plaintiffs have produced the evidence by way of the affidavit of Mr. V. R. Shankar, Vice President (Legal) of Plai ntiff No. 2 company as well as the affidavit of Mr. Yogesh Tikmiani, Manager (Commercial) of Pepsi Co. In the affidavit of Mr. V. R. Shankar, he has almost confirmed the statements made in the plaint and has also denied the defenses raised by the defendants in the written statement. The witness has also proved the documents which are Ex. PW-1/1 to Ex. PW-1/16. 22. In another affidavit of Mr. Yogesh Tikmiani who is Manager (Commercial) of Pepsi Co. he has alleged that he has seen the packaging of the plaintiff as well as the defendant. This witness has also gone through the report of the Local Commissioner who visited the premises of the defendant and according to him from the said report, it appears that defendant No. 1 who is the manufacturer of this product had a good quantum of sale which is evident from the stock which was found when the Local commissioner visited the said premises. The quantum of sale details are mentioned in Para 5 of his affidavit. 23. It is stated in the aff idavit that according to defendant No. 2, in Para 4 of the written statement that the defendant No. was merely a manufacturer and supplier of chips and the entire responsibility including brand management was that of defendant No. 2. In Para 12 of the affidavit, it is stated that the defendant’s adoption is obviously dishonest and malafide. 24. The sales made by the defendants are liable to be granted as damages to the plaintiff. The reasonable estimate of sale made by the defendants is approximately Rs. 16,12,800/-. It is also stated in Para 13 that the plaintiff is entitled for compensatory and punitive damages as the adoption is dishonest, deliberate and with malafide intention.The punitive damages if accessed at 10% of the plaintiff’s annual marketing/promotional expenditure would be to the tune of Rs. 20,26,000/-. Thus, the total damages claimed by the plaintiff against the defendants are Rs. 41,40,300/-. Now, this court shall deal with the matter as per issues fr amed in the matter. 25. Issue no. 1 Whether the packaging of the Defendants is the same or is a substantial reproduction or colourable imitation of the Plaintiff’s packaging in relation to snack products and constitutes infringement of Plaintiffs copyright therein? 26. The packaging of Plaintiff. as well as Defendants are marked as Exhibit PW 1/12 and Exhibit PW 1/13 respectively and are represented below:- 27. It appears from the report of the local commissioner that at the time of institution of suit, the Defendants already had an alternate packaging available, but the Defendants deliberately copied all the essential features of the Plaintiffs LAYS packaging, merely to pass off its products as that of the Plaintiffs. 28. Learned counsel for the plaintiff has argued that the use of deceptively similar packaging constitutes infringement of Plaintiffs copyright in as much as:- The Plaintiffs are the owners of the copyright in the packaging within the meaning of Section 2(c) o f the Copyright Act 1957 being an original artistic work. ? India is a member of Berne Convention and also of Universal Copyright Convention. Therefore, the Plaintiffs are entitled to protection irrespective of whether there is a claim of copyright on the work or not. ? For the purpose of infringement, a copyright need not be registered. ? The pictorial and the artistic design of the packet is an artistic work under the Copyright Act ?The same is an original work being coveted property of the Plaintiffs. ? Sun banner device with predominant colour red and yellow is exclusive property of the plaintiffs. ? Plaintiffs have been using the packaging since year 2002. Infringement of Copyright 29. In the case reported at 1999 PTC Page No. 188 Burroughs Wellcome (India) Ltd vs. Uni-Sule Pvt. Ltd, it was observed at Page No. 192 as under:- â€Å"Copyright is a form of intellectual property. With advancement in technology it is very easy to copy.The basic test in actions based on the infring ement of the copyright is that if a thing fetches a price, it can always be copied and therefore, it needs adequate protection. It is well settled that although under the Copyright Act, 1957, there is a provision of registration, under Section 44 of the Act. It is not in doubt that the said procedure is an enabling provision and registration is not compulsory for the purpose of enforcing copyright. Section 44 of the Act provides for registration of work in which copyright exists but in order to claim copyright registration is not necessary.This is because registration is only to raise a presumption that the person shown in the certificate of registration is the author. This presumption is not conclusive, but no further proof is necessary unless there is a proof rebutting the contents of the said certificate. Under Section 48 of the Registration Act, therefore, the act of registration is ex-facie prima facie evidence of the particulars incorporated in the certificate. There is no pro vision under the Act which deprives the author of the rights on account of non registration of the copyright.There is nothing in the Act to suggest that the registration is condition precedent to the subsistent of the copyright or acquisition of copyrights or ownership thereof or for relief of infringement of copyright. The sine-qua non of existence of a copyright is expenditure of skill, labour and capital on anywork expanded by a person/author and unless the original work is produced in court to prima facie show that the work has originated from author, no relief can be granted. In other words, copyright exists even without it being registered for the purpose of its enforcement.The nature of copyright is also meant to be borne in mind. It subsists in any material form in which ideas are translated. Copyright is a incorporeal right. It does not lie in any idea, but it lies in the expression in which the idea is expressed. The work of an author therefore, becomes the subject matter of the copyright. In essence the copyright is a negative right of preventing copying of physical material in the field of art, literature etc. Once an idea is written down, the writing becomes the subject matter of copyright. With globalisation and advancement of technology, even computer programmes come within the copyright.Any work conveying particular information comes within the subject matter of a copyright and it needs protection. † 30. In M/s. Anglo-Dutch Paint, Colour and Varnish Works Pvt. Ltd vs. M/s. India Trading House, AIR 1977 Delhi Page 41, the plaintiff claimed the relief on the basis of get up, layout and arrangement of violet and grey and colour combination of the plaintiff’s container. It was alleged that the defendant has very recently adopted identical container in respect of white paints as mentioned in Para 3 and 4 of the judgment.In Para 9 of the said judgment, it is observed as under:- â€Å"Having noticed the principles which have to be borne in mind, the application thereof is not difficult in the present case. It is true that there is a phonetic difference between the numerals â€Å"1001† and â€Å"9001† but taking into account the entire get up the combination of colours, it will be noted that the essential features of plaintiff’s containers have been absolutely copied. The entire scheme of the containers is also the same. There is a common large circle with the same colour scheme and with the same background.There is the same description of Superior White on top and Zinc paint on the bottom in the circle. Again, the White circle with grey lettering is identically super-imposed on violet background. The only difference is that instead of white parallelogram shapes on top and base borders there are white triangles and on the white parallelograms instead of numeral â€Å"1001† in grey lettering, the numeral on the defendant. s container is â€Å"9001† but the overall effect is just the same. The commodity is such that it is likely to be purchased by customers from a ll strata of society including the petty â€Å"kapkhandars. nd contractors. † 31. In the case reported at AIR 1979 Delhi 114 Vicco Laboratories vs. Hindustan Rimmer, Delhi. , the case of the plaintiff before court as per Para 9 was that the plaintiffs have been marketing the cream in a collapsable tube of 3 different sizes which has the distinctive get up etc. The collapsable tube has red background with floral design in yellow colour under the trade mark ‘Vicco Turmeric Vanishing Cream’ in the carton as well as tube in yellow strip in the bottom.The case against the defendant was that they have been marketing the vanishing cream in the carton and tube which are a colourable immitation of the plaintiff’s carton and tube under the trade mark â€Å"Cosmo†. This court granted the injunction against the defendant and held at para 13 as under:- â€Å"The plaintiffs claim passing off by the defendants of their product as and for the product of the plaintiff’s on the basis of copy of the distinctive get up and colour scheme of the collapsible tubes and the cartons by them. The defendants are not entitled to represent their goods as being the goods of the plaintiffs.The two marks â€Å"Vicco† and â€Å"Cosmo† used by the plaintiffs and defendants respectively are no doubt different and the mark â€Å"Cosmo† by itself is not likely to deceive but the entire get up and the colour scheme of the tube and the carton adopted by the plaintiffs and the defendants are identical in every detail and are likely to confuse and deceive the customer easily. The get up and the colour scheme of the plaintiffs adopted in every detail by the defendants for their tube and carton cannot be said to have been adopted by the defendants unintentionally. 32. In the case of Nova Ball Bearing Industries vs.Mico Ball Bearing PTC (Supp) (1) 497(Del), it has been held at para 7 page no. 499 as under:- â€Å"A comparison of the two cartons â€Å"NOVA† and â€Å"JANI† would reveal that two cartons are exactly similar in size, colour scheme and get up, the only difference that the trade mark of the defendants is written at 5 places and that of the plaintiff at 3 places. The two cartons bear such a close resemblance that they can easily confuse and deceive a customer. † 33. In Cases and Material on Trade Mark and Allied Laws, Vol. I at Page No. 969 Muller Phipps International Corporation another vs.Anita Cosmetics another, following observations are made at para 5 page no. 971:- â€Å"It is true that the use of the mark COUNTESS by itself is not likely to deceive the customers. But if the two containers CUTICURA and COUNTESS are put side by side, it becomes apparent that in the get up, colour scheme and the similarity the containers are so similar that they easily confuse and deceive the customers. The defendan t No. 1 has adopted the get up and colour scheme of the container to the plaintiffs’ in every detail and they are identical in appearance. † 34. In the case of Sodastream vs Thorn cascade Co Ltd. eported at 1982 RPC 459, the plaintiffs were marketing the gas cylinders of grey colour under their trade mark â€Å"Sodastream† and the defendants having also been marketing their black colour cylinders under their own trade mark „Thorn Cascade. , the proposals of the defendants to refill the grey colour gas cylinders of the plaintiff, even with their own trade mark amounts to passing off as the grey colour cylinder is distinctive of the plaintiffs in respect of which the reputation accrued in favour of the plaintiffs. Interlocutory injunction granted. 35. In another case reported in 1972 RPC Page 1 Hoffmann-La Roche Co.A. G. vs. D. D. S. A. Pharmaceuticals Limited, the plaintiffs manufactured and marketed chlordiazepoxide in distinctive black and green capsules bearing the word â€Å"Roche† on each capsule, the defendants also marked and advertised the drug chlordiazepoxide in black and green 10mg capsules which were identical to those of the plaintiffs except that they bore the letters â€Å"DDSA† instead of the plaintiffs’ name. The plaintiffs were granted interlocutory injunction to restrain the defendants from passing off capsules of the patented drug as the goods of the plaintiffs.It was held that marketing of the capsules by the defendants in almost identical form to those of the plaintiffs was calculated to cause damage to the plaintiffs. It was further held that there was a likelihood of confusion as both the capsules contained the same drug. The public were not concerned with the identity of the manufacturing of the capsules as long as the capsules contained the same substance and had the same effect. 36. In case reported at 1974 RPC 91 at Page 95, Smith Kline French Laboratories Limited. s Trade Mark Applica tions, it was observed as under:- The upshot of all these cases is to my mind to establish that a scheme of colouring applied to goods may be a mark within the definition in section 68. That definition as was pointed out in contrast to other definitions in the Act, starts with the word â€Å"includes† showing that the definition is purposely not limited to the precise words which follow. The combination of colour giving a speckled effect in the present case is, in my judgement, no less a mark than the red lines in Redduway. s hose case of the â€Å"heading† in the cotton cases and in the Winter-Hoffmann-La Roche chlodiazeoxide case. It was further observed:- â€Å"The truth of the matter is I think as follows. In some cases the colour is an essential part of the article as an article whilst in others it is something which is not essential and has been added for some other reason. If it has been added so as to donote the origin of the goods, and the evidence shows that in practice it does so, it can properly be said that it is being used as a mark in the trade mark sense. The answer is no doubt one of degree and will depend on the evidence.It would be highly unlikely that colour in a lipstic could ever become distinctive of one manufacturer because in such a case colour is an essential element in and part of the article itself. It is for that reason that the customer buys it. Colour in a passenger motor car would normally be in a similar but not so conclusive a position, but I see no reason why a trader, as some do, should not paint his delivery vans or racing cars in specific distinct colours to indicate the origin of the car or of the goods it normally carries as emanating from him. With drugs, on the other hand, the position is the opposite of the lipstick.Colour is of no importance to the article as a drug and it may, if sufficiently, distinctive, be an exceedingly effective indication of origin. † It was further observed:- â€Å"I can not see why other manufacturers should want to adopt the applicants’ colour arrangements here except for the improper motive of trying to benefit from the latter. s established goodwill. † 37. In the case of Tavener Rutledge Ld. Vs. Specters Ld. , 1959 RPC Page 83 at Page 88, it was observed as under:- â€Å"It seems to me that one has to take into consideration people who have what is called imperfect recollection, as was pointed out in the case of Saville Perfumery Ld.Vs. June Perfect Ld. (1941) 58 RPC 147 at 174. 5 and one has to allow for cases where the person who has not got the two tins side by side perhaps does not remember the Plaintiff’s name accurately, or does not know that there are two different traders in the same line of business, or many others for that matter, and takes a casual glance at the tin and imagines that it is the kind of frauit drops that he wants, not entirely casually, but looking at it in the ordinary way that such a customer woul d go into a shop and see a pile of tins or something of that sort.Afterwards of course raise objection, but it seems to me that it is a case of confusion if customers are induced to buy by a recollection of the general get up of the plaintiffs. tin so that they purchase a tin of the defendants. sweets by mistake and I am bound to say that I have come to the conclusion that such confusion is not only possible but is likely. † 38. In the case of B. K. Engineering vs UBHI Enterprises, AIR 1985 Delhi 210(DB), it was observed : â€Å"Competition must remain free. It is true it is the life blood of free enterprise system.It is essential that trading must not only be honest but must not even unintentionally be unfair. † In view of the above said well known settled law on the subject, it is clear that the defendant is guilty of infringement of copyright and passing off their goods as the goods of the plaintiff. From the above said judgments cited it is clear that in most of the cases the copyright has been claimed by the plaintiff on the article itself. It is also pertinent to mention that the subject matter of the colour combination, get-up and layout are not only covered in the subject matter of copyright but also covered under the common law remedy i. . law of passing off. Even in the New Trade Mark Act 1999 the definition of the mark is given in Section 2(m) which says that â€Å"Mark† include a device, brand, style, label, ticket, name, signature, word, letter, numeral, shape of goods, packaging or combination of colours or any combination thereof. As per the definition and as per the judgments mentioned above it is clear that the colour scheme, get up, layout and combination of colours is covered under the action for passing of also. In view of this, in the present case the defendants have infringed the Copyright of the Plaintiff.This issue is accordingly decided in favour of the Plaintiff. 39. In view of the well settled law and facts of the present case, the plaintiff has discharged their burden on issue no. 1 and the same is decided accordingly in favour of the plaintiff. 40. Issue no. 2:- Whether the plaintiff is entitled to injunction restraining the defendant from using the label â€Å"Leo† and packaging which has been used by it? As observed in earlier paras of this Judgment that the Defendants’ packaging bears overall similarity to the Plaintiff’s packaging. Since the Defendants. abel LEO and packaging thereof is deceptively similar to the Plaintiffs. label LAY. S and packaging as explained above in the chart of similarities, the Plaintiffs are entitled to injunction. This issue is also decided in favour of the plaintiff in view of discussion made in para 25 to 38 above. 41. Issue No. 3 Whether the user of the trademark LEO is an infringement of the rights of the Plaintiff in the trademark LAYS and the Sun banner device? The Plaintiffs have placed on record the original legal proceedings cer tificates for the various trade marks No. 53831B, 453832B, 838858 ; 838860. Plaintiffs’ mark LAY. S per se is registered. [Exhibit PW 1/5 and PW 1/6] Plaintiffs’ sun banner device is also registered. [Exhibit PW 1/4] Plaintiffs’ LAY. S mark + Sun Banner device is also registered. 42. The evidence has been lead by the Plaintiffs also annexing therewith a complete list of global registration of the mark LAY’S and sun banner device [Exhibit PW 1/7]. The sales and advertising figures of the plaintiffs are also set out in the plaint 43. The Plaintiffs are the registered proprietors of the mark LAY’S and sun banner device.Use of a deceptively similar mark LEO to Plaintiffs’ registered mark LAY’S and the use of deceptively similar representation of LEO in a device which is similar to Plaintiffs. registered sun banner device amounts to infringement under section 29 of the Act. 44. In the case of Parle Products (P) Ltd. vs. J. P. ; Co. , Mysor e, AIR 1972 SC 1359 in para 8, the Apex Court held as under : â€Å"8. According to Karly. s Law of Trade Marks and Trade Names (9th Edn. , para 838): â€Å"Two marks, when placed side by side, may exhibit many and various differences, yet the main idea left on the mind by both may be the same.A person acquainted with one mark, and not having the two side by side for comparison, might well be deceived, if the goods were allowed to be impressed with the second mark, into a belief that he was dealing with goods which bore the same mark as that with which he was acquainted. Thus, for example, a mark may represent a game of football; another mark may show players in a different dress, and in very different positions, and yet the idea conveyed by each might be simply a game of football.It would be too much to expect that persons dealing with trade marked goods, and relying, as they frequently do, upon marks, should be able to remember the exact details of the marks upon the goods with which they are in the habit of dealing. Marks are remembered rather by general impressions or by some significant detail than by any photographic recollection of the whole. Moreover, variations in detail might well be supposed by customers to have been made by the owners of the trade mark they are already acquainted with for reasons of their own. 45. In view of the decision of the Apex Court referred above, it is clear that the defendants have infringed the registered trademark of the plaintiff as essential features have been appropriated by the defendant. Hence, this issue is also decided in favour of the plaintiff. 46. Issue No. 4 – Whether the user of the trademark LEO and Sun banner by the Defendant amounts to passing off its goods as those having association with the goods of the plaintiff and entitles the plaintiff to grant of injunction?For deciding this issue, following facts can be taken into consideration:- a) Plaintiffs have been using the LAY. S packaging with sun banner device since year 2002. b) Over the years, the Plaintiffs, have acquired distinctiveness in the said mark, label and packaging. The sales figures and advertisement figures have been given in the affidavit filed as evidence. The Defendants are using the similar mark as well as packaging in respect of identical goods i. e. potato chips. c) The Defendant has adopted all the essential feature of Plaintiffs’ packaging. ) These are the goods meant for consumption and a large portion of consumers thereof compromises of children who might not be able to differentiate between LAY. S and LEO if the packaging and get – up is similar. e) Further, there has been deliberate misrepresentation on behalf of the Defendant as apparent from the LC. s report which shows

History of the Victorian Scullery

History of the Victorian Scullery A scullery is a room adjoining the kitchen where pots and pans are cleaned and stored. Sometimes the laundering of clothes is also done here. In Great Britain and the United States, houses built before 1920 often had sculleries located in the rear of a house. Scullery comes from the Latin word scutella, meaning tray or platter. Wealthy families who entertained would have to maintain stacks of china and sterling silver would need regular cleaning. The process of cleaning everything in a household was time-consuming- the number of staff required was proportional to the number in the household. Who took care of the household staff? The most menial tasks were carried out by the unskilled, youngest servants known as scullery maids or simply  scullions. These domestic servants were almost always female in the 1800s and were sometimes called skivvies, which is also a word used to describe underwear. Scullery maids did the most humble tasks in the household, including laundering the underwear of the upper servants like butlers, housekeepers, and cooks. Functionally, the scullery maid was a servant to the other servants of the household. On the PBS website for the Manor House television series,  The Scullery Maid: Daily Duties are outlined for the fictional Ellen Beard. The setting is Edwardian England, which is during the reign of King Edward VII from 1901 to 1910, but the duties are similar to earlier times- rising early to prepare for the household staff, lighting the fire of the kitchen stove, emptying chamber pots, etc. As the household upgraded technologically, these tasks became less of a burden. Sculleries and the servants who work in them are often featured in popular movies and television series, such as Upstairs Downstairs, The Duchess of Duke Street, and Downton Abbey. The home featured in the popular TV series, The 1900 House, has a scullery in the rear, behind the kitchen. Why Are Sculleries Thought of as British? For people living in the 21st century, its sometimes difficult to think of the day-to-day existence of people living in the not-too-distant past. Although civilizations have known about disease for thousands of years, its only been in recent years that people have understood the causes and transmission of sickness. The Romans built great public bathhouses that still influence todays architecture. Medieval households would cover nasty smells with perfumes and herbs. Not until the reign of Queen Victoria,  from 1837 until 1901, did the idea of modern public health come about.   Sanitation became a big concern in the 19th-century as the medical community gained a better knowledge of how to control infections. The British physician Dr. John Snow (1813-1858) became legendary in 1854 when he surmised that removing a towns pump handle would stop the transmission of the cholera epidemic. This use of the scientific method to deter the spread of disease made Dr. Snow the Father of Public Health, even though the bacteria Vibrio cholerae was not isolated until 1883. The awareness of cleanliness to avert disease was certainly not lost on the members of the upper class. The houses we build are not built in isolation from what is going on in society. The architecture built at the time of Queen Victoria- Victorian architecture- would be designed around the latest science and technology of the day. In the 1800s, having a room devoted to cleaning, the scullery, was high-tech thinking. Franke, a Swiss company formed in 1911, made their first sink in 1925 and still sell what they call scullery sinks. The Franke Scullery Sinks are large, deep, metal sinks of various configurations (1, 2, 3 sinks across). We might call them pot or prep sinks in a restaurant and shop or utility sinks in a basement. Nevertheless, many companies still call these sinks after the 19th-century name of a room. You can even buy these sinks from various manufacturers on Amazon.com. Significance of the Scullery to the US Homeowner People in the market for buying older homes are often puzzled at floor plans and how space is allocated- what are all those smaller rooms to the rear of the house? For old houses, remember: Kitchens were often additions, separated from the main house because of fire hazards.What we know as the middle class did not become a reality until the mid-twentieth century. What we consider  an old house today was probably built and inhabited by a financially well-off family with servants. Understanding the past helps us take charge of the future. Sources 150th Anniversary of John Snow and the Pump Handle, MMWR Weekly, September 3, 2004 / 53(34); 783 at www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5334a1.htm [accessed January 16, 2017]

3 Cases of Missing Commas

3 Cases of Missing Commas 3 Cases of Missing Commas 3 Cases of Missing Commas By Mark Nichol The presence or absence of a single punctuation mark can create confusion or ambiguity about the meaning of a sentence. Three sentences illustrating this problem, each followed by discussion and revision, follow: 1. These factors make it hard for management to decide what to communicate to directors given the board’s crowded agenda. The lack of punctuation preceding given creates the implication that it is a verb that refers to something the directors are being handed. But here, given is a preposition signaling that information about a mitigating factor is about to be imparted, and punctuation should separate this tacked-on phrase from the main clause: â€Å"These factors make it hard for management to decide what to communicate to directors, given the board’s crowded agenda.† (The additional phrase could also begin the sentence: â€Å"Given the board’s crowded agenda, these factors make it hard for management to decide what to communicate to directors.†) 2. It’s not a real pleasant experience to tell you the truth. As written, this sentence suggests that the writer does not enjoy telling the truth to the reader (or, if the sentence is a quotation, to someone the speaker is talking to), but this is not the writer’s (or speaker’s) intent. To signal that â€Å"to tell the truth† is simply a conversational aside, it should be separated from the main clause: â€Å"It’s not a real pleasant experience, to tell you the truth.† (As in the previous sentence, the modifying phrase can begin the sentence: â€Å"To tell you the truth, it’s not a real pleasant experience.†) 3. The coach had pursued a star athlete only to have a deal fall just short. This sentence reads as if the coach had tried to recruit an athlete for the sole purpose of having a deal fall short; only could be misconstrued as a synonym for merely. But the part of the sentence starting with only is a modifying phrase describing the result of a sincere recruiting effort, and it should be set off from the main clause: â€Å"The coach had pursued a star athlete, only to have a deal fall just short.† (Unlike the dependent clauses and the main clauses in the sentences above, this pair of clauses cannot be transposed without heavy revision.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of Humor15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their Synonyms45 Idioms About the Number One

Accounting Internship Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Accounting Internship Report - Essay Example To be the best accountant, one has to be acquainted with all every accounting detail in the organization in question because a single mistake could be detrimental for the whole organization in general. That is why I aimed at practicing all the accounting theory I had been taught in school to ensure that I put it to practice. The company would be appropriate in meeting my career objectives since it has a very elaborate finance department, which is very important for the well-being of the entire organization in general. The finance department works in collaborations with other departments to ensure that financial details of the organization are in order. Considering the large number of departments present in the organization, I felt that this organization would equip me with the exposure I needed to achieve my career goals. Kuwait Wind General Trading and Contracting Company are seen as an innovative and young company located in Kuwait. It is aimed at developing various business concepts in Kuwait. The company deals with various sectors in Kuwait and UAE. Some of the sectors involved include electronic games, various coffee shops, distribution of cosmetics, restaurants, and real estate. The company prioritizes its business concepts by ensuring that it develops new ideas that compete with their imagination and creativity. Their main principles entail provision of various solid services, which are customer oriented and produces rapid results. They aim at ensuring that their services are available to all their targeted customers at the highest quality possible to be in a position to meet the requirements of their customers. Cafà © les Amis which is a brand coffee shop that Kuwait Wind Company began about five years ago. It is a local shop that deals with coffee but has a French concept. So far, the coffee shop has three branches one at the airport, the second one in the discovery mall and the last one in the lobby of Mazaya tower in

Marketing Final Term Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Final Term - Essay Example Among the cabin crews, Emirates Airlines has one of the largest numbers of cabin crews which hail from around 95 different nationals. Emirates Airlines has installed individual entertainment system in all of its classes enabling customers for not only making online booking but also facilitates for choosing their arena of seating. These outstanding features have enabled this airline to be a customer oriented and pioneering contributor for advanced services. Emirates Airlines have empowered over 280 international awards, among which the prestigious award has been CAPA airline award for the year 2005, as awarded by the Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation. Target market Targeting the kid’s market The needs of kids can be used to increase the share of market. There are a lot of families and parents who cares for the needs of their kids much more than themselves. Offering a suitable and comfortable environment to kids can reduce the misgiving of families. After launching of the campaig n of â€Å"kids go free†, more family groups were received by Emirates Airlines than before. Through cooperation with tourism companies and hotels in Dubai, the emirates are keen to attract large number of tourists. The parents are also willing to take their kids and enjoy affordable travel with Emirates Airlines. The kids friendlier environmental can provide pleasure to kids for having a great time with their parents in Dubai. Now, the focus is more towards the kids market as the kids can influence the decision of parents. UAE’s tourism and business segment customers The emergence of Dubai as a tourism hub and regional business has provided Emirates Airlines to fuel the traffic of regional air passenger enabling abundance of room for growth. The law of freehold ownership has been attracting tourists and business communities. Expatriates in UAE UAE, being 5th largest crude oil exporter of world and Dubai, being the fastest growing city of world, has created huge demand for skilled and unskilled workforce for feeding its emerging labour market and booming economy. A major attraction for various workforces around the world is its highly paid labour market. So, Emirates Airlines targets the expatriates in UAE. Transit passengers For Emirates airlines, Dubai is the operational hub. It has been positioned as a connector between Australia/ Asia and Europe and has supported the growth of emirates airlines. This connection point has been used by Emirates airlines to promote the business, especially transit passengers. Emirates airlines target to prosper in this particular segment through marketed and well established wide range network. Goals Emirates Airlines focuses towards maximizing the return on capital of overall Group, to take full advantage of the competencies of Group in market and to be diverse and balance to the earning streams of Group. The objectives pertaining to the fulfillment of these goals are to improve and retain the market share of f requent business class traveler, to tap the market of low cost carriers for achieving the return on investment of company, to promote the tourism activities of Dubai and to introduce Dubai to the world and to increase the market share. Part two Marketing mix The Emirates Airlines hold an extraordinary achievement during the previous years. However, during 2009 which was one of the

General Reasons For Plastic Surgery Media Essay

General Reasons For Plastic Surgery Media Essay When the word plastic surgery is heard or used, people immediately think of body changes or enhancements and want to know what has been done. This is especially so in the case of women due to the focus and featuring of the female face and body in magazines and fashion shows. Plastic surgery is performed all over the world where we have women who are in need of bodily transformations and where the procedures are available. There is a high prevalence of this in the US and Europe, and through globalization the image of the enhanced western woman has been spread far and wide. Because of this, we find women aspiring to this model or just an enhancement to make her look better than her compatriot. This phenomenon has also spread to the Middle Eastern countries and can be found from Lebanon, Syria and others to the UAE. There are many reasons which will be explained why women in this region, and the UAE resort to this treatment despite the fact that it is prohibited in the religion of Islam . In simple terms, plastic surgery can be seen as an operation to change, shape or mould a persons features as you would do with plastic. However, on a more sophisticated basis, plastic, reconstructive, and cosmetic surgery refers to a variety of operations performed by doctors and undertaken by patients in order to repair or restore body parts to look normal again, or to change or enhance a body part to look better than before and thus draw more attention. All of these types of procedures are highly specialized and require accurate skills and training to perform them. The operations require the careful preparation of a persons skin and tissues, followed by precise cutting. Afterwards , stitching needs to be accurately done to leave minute traces of scar tissue. Due to cutting-edge technology in the form of instrumentation and procedures, plastic surgery is more advanced today than before (Magleby 2008;Surgery Encyclopedia 2010). General Reasons for Plastic Surgery: The three types of surgery performed use similar types of techniques and approaches. However, they all have different reasons attached. In the case of plastic surgery it is mainly used to treat defects after birth as well as enhance the skin whereby blemishes, acne scars, growths or birthmarks could be removed. Cosmetic surgery is just to make a person look younger or enhance the appearance. Reconstructive surgery is mainly used for the reattachment of body parts that got detached in an accident or in war or to add body parts that were missing at birth or were removed by surgery (Surgery Encyclopedia 2010;Skin grafts are also used for severe burn victims as shown in the case of a Palestinian child with severe burns who were sent to the UAE (Palestine Childrens Relief Fund 2006). Specific Types and uses of Plastic Surgery: Plastic surgery:- it involves surgical procedures of the skin. Here the popular ones are the shaping of ears, acne scars and removal of tattoos. Also, the famous excess removal of abdominal fatty tissue (tummy tucks) are common. Cosmetic surgery:- this is done on the face for enhancement and beautification. This is used to enhance facial features or correct a disfigurement. In children cleft lips or palates are cosmetically rectified. For adults it is mostly about shaping and modeling noses and lips. Sagging bags under eyelids are also done as well as the well-known facelifts. Then there are also the cases of breast enhancements- either increase or decrease the size of it. For a breast increase, implants are used and for reduction, excess fat and tissue are removed (Leslie 2009; Surgery Encyclopedia 2010; Corder 2007). Reconstructive surgery: most of the cases treated are accident and burn victims. In the case of accidents it is related to the rebuilding and reconstructing of broken bones and limbs and involves skin transplantations and skin grafts as well. It includes the cases of reattachment of severed fingers , toes or arms, provided these limbs are taken to the hospital quickly. At other times, artificial limbs are attached to the body or implants are made such as teeth, knee, elbow and hip joints (Surgery Encyclopedia 2010) Is plastic surgery spreading or not? Plastic surgery is definitely on the rise and there just does not seem to be an end to it in the near future. It has always been popular in the US, especially among films tars and other celebrities and the media thrives on this. Unfortunately for people, but good for the doctors performing it, more and more people aspire for certain looks and undergo surgery. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery reports that over 10.2 million cosmetic surgical and nonsurgical procedures were performed in the United States in 2008 (Batool 2009;Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Statistics 2009; Leslie 2009). Statistics of Plastic Surgery in the US (2008) Plastic surgery in the UAE Even in the Middle East, plastic surgery is highly sought after. In nearby Lebanon (Lee 2008) and Syria ( Syrians seekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦2009) it is big business , as well as in Iraq (Santana 2010). In Iraq one doctor reports 20 cosmetic surgeries a week (Santana 2010). In the UAE most of the women are influenced by looks of models and celebrities or artists. Although prices are said to be high (Corder 2007) , plastic surgery is still accepted and embraced by many people, men and women, but more women than men. Onlinesurgery (2009) reports an increase in UAE plastic procedures and reasons given are numerous, but the most important one is aesthetics and beauty. Because of the number of procedures undertaken and the demand by locals and women in the region, there has been an enormous increase in the number of plastic surgeries that opened in the UAE, notably the most in Dubai. Underwood (2009) on the contrary thinks that cosmetic surgery is a gamble. This is in relation to reports that man y plastic surgeries in Dubai are advertising plastic surgery along with a hotel recovery period and the argument is that the cost combined with a hotel stay will be too high. One surgery directory shows 21 clinics for plastic surgery (Cosmetic Surgery UAE Dubai Directory). Dr.Toledo (2008) a practicing surgeon in Dubai reports that accurate statistics for the UAE are not available, but according to him there is enough business in this field and it is still on the increase. Magleby (2008) reports that the UAE has its own rush for cosmetic surgery brought on as reported by one doctor by womens fear that their husbands might leave them for a younger women .According to this report, the most common group seeking plastic surgery are between the ages 20 and 65. Plastic Surgery and Islam Gleason (2010) asserts that in the US and the Western world, plastic surgery is an everyday affair and acceptable. According to her, there are many questions being asked about plastic surgery and how acceptable it is according to the religious beliefs of Islam. This surgery is widely, but not completely rejected: according to Islam, plastic surgery purely for beautification and to look attractive is contrary to Islamic laws. It is as if the creation and handiwork of Allah (God) is condemned and unacceptable. It is the belief that the human body is given as a gift, and changing this nature which was created by Allah is a sin inspired by Satan. A second argument is whether human beings are allowed to make changes to the God-given body. It is Islamic belief that humans were created in the image of Allah and happiness should be the order of the day for Allahs children. Therefore if there is some bodily deformity, then plastic surgery can be accepted, as long as the reason is valid. Thus, cosmetic surgery just because someone is unhappy about how Allah created him or her, is forbidden (Islam 2010; Islamonline 2002; Uloom 1999). The Hadiths in Islam reads: Cursed is the woman who artificially lengthens her (or some- one elses) hair, and the woman who asks for artificially lengthening her hair, the one who plucks hair from her face and the one who gets her hair plucked, the one who tattoos and the one who asks to be tattooed, the women who pluck hair and those who get their hair plucked, and the women who make spaces between their teeth for beautification changing what Allah has created. And in the end all these were said to have one common trait characterizing them as far as their intentions are concerned: changing what Allah has created. (Shawqi,1987). Why do people in the UAE undergo Plastic Surgery? There are many reasons why Emirati women and others in the UAE resort to plastic surgery. The main reason is psychological. This connects with their self-esteem, especially married women who fear that their husbands might take a younger looking wife (Magleby 2008). According to Magleby (2008), one surgeon related that surgeons sometimes need to play the role of psychologists in the case of depressed patients who are unhappy with their looks. Many a time women have unrealistic expectations: an obese person wants liposuction to turn her into a slender person, while another expects a facelift to work a miracle and turn an older face into a youthful one. Most of the time, the results are not as were expected. There is also a wide belief that if a person is contended with her looks, then she will be a more relaxed person. Another reason is good looks these are also often equated then with happiness and if one is attractive, then people accept you more easily and men find you more appealing. Many women want to copy the looks and enhancements of film stars and other celebrities and undergo surgery for eye, lip and breast enhancements. Singer Nancy Ajram, from Lebanon, is a well-known Middle Eastern, who underwent lots of surgical procedures, and Lebanon is seen as the plastic surgery capital of the Middle East (Santana 2010). A surgical makeover is high on many womens wish-list and women in the UAE and elsewhere in the Middle East seek nose-jobs to fit the looks of an Arab: some like a long- looking nose, while others with too long a nose wants it shortened (Magleby 2008). Other people depend on good looks to advance their career-prospects and some jobs like journalism, front-desk work, and TV presenting, to name a few, demand a good face. Risks and mishaps of Plastic Surgery Plastic surgery for cosmetic enhancement, is not without any risks attached. There have been many reported cases of mishaps and even deaths that occurred in the UAE and in other parts of the world. Magleby (2008) reports that prospective clients for this procedure should check out a doctors credentials before surgery and should only use board-certified surgeons. Many things can go wrong during surgery or afterwards and some patients die while undergoing surgery or suffer from deformation after the operation (How to chooseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦2010). Abdullah (2007) mentions a case in Dubai where a woman died after liposuction , leading to a police investigation, and this serves as a warning on choosing a surgeon. The UAE Ministry of health has warned the public against dodgy clinics using low-quality chemicals (Time Out Dubai 2009). In another case, the Dubai police raided a flat in Deira (Dubai) and shut down an unlicensed clinic where untrained, so-called surgeons performed surgery under unhygienic and unprofessional conditions. This clinic offered low-cost procedures for treatments of Botox to enhance lips and cheeks as well as other procedures- here the risks are clearly to be seen. In January, the Health Authority-Abu Dhabi issued a statement saying that they would publish guidelines for beauty clinics to control sand prevent such incidents (Menon 2010). In another case, a doctor who was dismissed from the board of surgeons in the US for malpractices and harm caused to patients, opened a practice in Dubai, and was later arrested by the police by operating there under a false name. This clearly shows some of the risk involved in plastic surgery (Telegraph 2010). Conclusion: Plastic surgery, the enhancement process by means of surgery has many different forms and benefits. It is very beneficial where someone is in need of physical enhancement due to a malformed body part or where a limb has been severed or was destroyed. In the case of cosmetic surgery it serves to mostly shape and enhance the persons personal looks and body shape. Millions of women worldwide and in the UAE favour this procedure. The women who subject themselves to the cosmetic surgery would like to look younger, or have a better facial or bodily look. Plastic surgery for purely better looks are frowned upon in the Islamic religion, however, women in the Middle East still do this and justify their actions. This surgery also does not come without risks and people have died, especially under the hand of unprofessionally qualified surgeons. Many instances of malpractices in the UAE have been uncovered and warnings and advice have been given in connection with plastic surgery. Despite all of the things mentioned, plastic surgery still carries on as women keep on searching for better looks.

Effects of gambling on the society Essay

* For most people, gambling is a form of entertainment that is enjoyed responsibly. * Many Australians gamble in some form at least once a year, whether it’s an occasional flutter at the races, buying a lottery ticket, playing the pokies or a night out at the casino. * In 2009, 70 per cent of Australians participated in some form of gambling. * Australians spent more than $19 billion on gambling in 2008-09; around $12 billion of which was spent playing the pokies. PROBLEM GAMBLING * Some people can experience significant harm from gambling. Up to 500,000 Australians are at risk of becoming, or are, problem gamblers. * The social cost to the community of problem gambling is estimated to be at least $4. 7 billion a year. * The actions of one problem gambler negatively impacts the lives of between five and 10 others. This means there are up to five million Australians who could be affected by problem gambling each year, including friends, family and employers of people with a gambling problem. * Only around 15 per cent of problem gamblers seek help. PROBLEM GAMBLERS AND POKER MACHINES * One in six people who play the pokies regularly has a serious addiction. * Problem gamblers lose around $21,000 each year. That’s one third of the average Australian salary. * Some poker machines can be played at extremely high intensity – a gambler could lose more than $1,500 in just one hour. * Young people (18-24 year olds) spend more on poker machines than any other age group. Many adult problem gamblers report having developed gambling problems during their teenage years (source: Delfabbro, P, Gambling Research Australia, A review of Australian Gambling Research, August 2008, p61). * Three-quarters of problem gamblers have problems with poker machines. It’s even higher for women – in 9 out of 10 cases poker machines are identified as the cause of problems for women (source: Delfabbro, P, August 2008, p67). IMPACT OF PROBLEM GAMBLING * Problem gamblers are six times more likely to be divorced than non problem gamblers (source: Thomas, S, and Jackson, A, Report to beyondblue, Risk and Protective Factors: Depression and comorbidities in problem gambling, 2008). * Problem gamblers are four times more likely to have problems with alcohol and four times as likely to smoke daily than non problem gamblers (source: Thomas, S, and Jackson, A, 2008). * Children with parents who are problem gamblers are up to 10 times more likely to become problem gamblers themselves than children with non gambling parents (source: The Problem Gambling Treatment and Research Centre, Children at risk of developing problem gambling, May 2010). FACTS & MYTHS ABOUT PROBLEM GAMBLING IN AUSTRALIA * PDF [266KB] | DOC [66KB] References on this website are from the following publications: Productivity Commission 2010,Gambling, Report no. 50, Canberra; and Productivity Commission 1999, Australia’s Gambling Industries, Report no. 10, AusInfo, Canberra, unless otherwise identified.

Treat Others with Respect - 561 Words

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Martin Luther - Theology of the Cross Essay - 5061 Words

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